LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



1 



Shelf J&747- 

UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 



* ' .►- - ..- P - >• P £ Y '» J* .w - . i j, r '-^ >> F ,v (J ..- p v» 





|p0me College .^rae.v. 






X umber — 


™~~~~~~ # ~~-^^ 


jLr~ S/X. 





ENGLAND. 



BY 



REV. J. I. BOSWELL. 



I 



■ I 









■ 

■ 

■ 

NEW YORK: ■ 

PHILLIPS & HUNT, 

CINCINNATI: 
WALDEN & S T O W E . 

1883. 

. - : 



TM UBRAMTJ 
QFC OlfG EEiS 

! WASHINGTON 



The "Home College Series" -will eontfdn one hundred short papers on 

a wide range of subjects — biographical, historical, scientific, literary, domes- 
tie, political, and religious. Indeed, the religious tone will characterize all 
of them. They are written for every body — for all wno.-e leisure is limited, 
but who desire to use the minutes for rise enrichment -of life. 

These papers contain seeds from the best gardens in all the world cf 
human knowledge, and if dropped wisely into good soil, wi'l bring forth 
harvests of beauty and value. 

They are for the young — especially for young people (and older people, 
too) who are out of the schools, who are full of l " business " and "eates," 
'-who are in danger of reading nothing, or of reading a sensational literature 
Abat is worse than nothing. 

One of these papers a week read over and over, thought and talked about 
at "odd times," will give in one 3 r ear a vast fund of information, an intel- 
lectual quickening, worth even more than the mere knowledge acquired, a 
taste for solid read ng, many hours of simple and wholesome pleasure, and 
ability to talk intelligently and helpfully to one's friends. 

Pastors may organize " Home College " classes, or " Lyceum Heading 
Unions," or "Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circles," and help the 
young people to read and think and talk and live to worthier purpose. 

A young man may have his own little " college " all by himself, read this 
series of tracts one after the other, (there will soon be one huodred of them 
ready,) examine himself on them by the " Thought Outline to Help the Mem* 
ory," and thus gain knowledge, and, what is better, a love of knowledge. 

And what a young man may do in this respect, a young worasn, and both 
old men and old women, may do. ^ 

New York, Jan., 18S3. 



J. H. YlXCEXT. 



Copyright, 18S3, by Phillip* & Hunt, N«w York. 



iotttt €0!%* j&rus. Itumfer Si#. 



ENGLAND. 



T 

BY REV. J. I. BOSWELL. 



The ocean steamer drops anchor in the river Mersey, and 
the tourist is in Liverpool. Let him take the " Great West- 
ern " Railroad and spend a day in quaint old Chester, a day 
at Stratford-upon-Avon, and see Shakspeare's tomb and 
house, and a day at classic Oxford. And then — London ! 

London as it is. London is the metropolis of England, 
and the greatest city of the modern world. It lies on both 
banks of the river Thames. Every thing about the city is 
on a gigantic scale. It is the financial center of the world, 
and the political and commercial center of Great Britain 
and her numerous colonies. Its population has doubled 
within fifty years, and the greater part of the city has been 
rebuilt within the past century. It now covers 122 square 
miles, numbers 7,400 streets, and 530,000 buildings, and its 
present population is about four millions. "There are in 
London more Scotchmen than in Edinburgh, more Irish than 
in Dublin, more Jews than in Palestine, and more Roman 
Catholics than in Rome." From May to July is " the sea- 
son" when crowds of visitors are to be seen. In three 
weeks the diligent tourist can see the principal objects of 
interest, though many weeks can be spent to advantage. An 
American will pay repeated visits to Westminster Abbey 
among the tombs of the illustrious dead. The Tower, the 
British and South Kensington Museums, with their unrivaled 
treasures ; St. Paul's Cathedral, the Houses of Parliament, 
and the National Gallery of Art, are most attractive places. 
In the suburbs are Hampton Palace, Crystal Palace, Kew 



2 ENGLAND. 

Gardens, and twenty miles away, Windsor Castle, by far 
the most interesting of all the castles of England. London 
may be divided into two parts — the city, where the money is 
made, and the West End, where the money is spent. In the 
city are found the Bank, the Exchange, the Custom-house, 
and the spacious docks filled with shipping from all parts of 
the world. In the West End are found the palaces, the 
mansions of the nobility, and the spacious parks. London 
is the best place in which to study England. 

Roman Period, B.C. 55-A.D. 445. In the year 55 B.C., a 
war fleet from Rome, under Julius Caesar, reached the 
shores of Britain. At this period authentic history begins. 
Caesar invaded the land and left us an account of it. The 
people were governed by the Druids who were not only 
priests, but also teachers and judges. Under Claudius 
Britain became a Roman province, and so continued until 
the Roman legions were recalled. Traces of Roman occu- 
pation are found in old roads and tombs and in fragments 
of mosaic pavements. Traces are also found in the names 
of the months, in the marriage and funeral ceremonies, in 
the May-day festivals, and in some of the old English cus- 
toms and superstitions. 

Anglo-Saxon Period, 445 AJX-1066 A.D. The Britons 
when the Roman soldiers were withdrawn could not defend 
themselves from the attacks of the Picts, so they called the 
Saxons to their aid. These came over and were followed 
by the Angles and other Germanic tribes. The home of the 
Angles was the land now called Sleswick-Holstein. They 
were a race of farmers, and managed their affairs in village 
meetings. They were a warlike people and fond of the sea ; 
and their favorite recreations were feasting and hunting. 
Women were treated with great respect, and religious rites 
were carefully observed. 



ENGLAND. 



Step by step these foreign tribes advanced into Britain, 
and at last conquered it and divided it into the seven king- 
doms of the Saxon Heptarchy. The central figure of this 
period is Alfred the Great. (871-901.) He met the Danes, 
who were the pirates of the sea, and defeated them. He 
built a fleet of war ships, he revised the laws, and took care 
that they were well executed ; he founded the university at 
Oxford, translated good books out of Latin into English, 
and did so many things for the good of his people that his 
name is cherished with peculiar affection. In this period 
Christianity was fairly introduced by St. Augustine. (597 
A.D.) He built a church in Canterbury, and established an 
Abbey. With the aid of Ethelbert, the king, he did much 
to propagate the Christian faith, and the effect of his work is 
every- where manifest. The conversion of the Anglo-Saxons 
to the Christian faith was the first and greatest of the causes 
which has made England what she is. The second was the 
destruction of prejudices between the various races. 

Edward the Confessor made London the capital, and 
built Westminster Abbey. He was followed by Harold, 
who lost both his kingdom and life at the battle of Hastings. 

The Norman Rule, 1066-1215. The battle of Hastings 
was one of the world's decisive battles. As a result, Will- 
iam of Normandy entered London, and was crowned king 
in Westminster Abbey. He brought with him a host of 
French warriors, and the land was divided among them. 
The Saxons became slaves, and were treated harshly by the 
French barons. William built the London Tower to keep 
the people in check. He made a thorough survey of the 
country, and the record was called Doomsday-book, for men 
said it was so complete that it would last till the day of doom. 
French language was used by the ruling classes, and French 
customs were the fashion. But England was saved from 
becoming a French colony by the vices and follies of King 



4 ENGLAKD. 

John. He was forced to give up Normandy, he lost the 
love of the clergy by his quarrel with the Pope, and he 
estranged the barons by his cruel taxations. The barons 
demanded justice, and for the first time the peojjle were 
with the barons and against the king. The king met the 
barons at Runnyniede, and there, in the year 1215, he put 
his name to that immortal State paper know as the Great 
Charter. This paper promised to the Church all its rights, 
and contained the declaration that the kin^ would not raise 
money without the consent of the Great Council. This 
power of the purse has always been zealously guarded by 
Parliament. Between the windows of the House of Peers 
in London are statues of the barons who extorted this great 
charter from their king. 

From Magna Charter to the Reformation, 1215-1509. 
Great events took place in England during this period. 
Three kingly houses bore rule, Plantagenet, (1154-1399,) 
Lancaster, ^1399-1461,) and York, (1461-1485.) When the 
Great Charter was signed the English nation began to be. 
L T p to this time there had been a gulf between the Anglo- 
Saxons, who were slaves, and the Norman French, who were 
their masters. As years rolled by, this gulf became more 
and more narrow. The two languages became fused, the 
two races intermarried, and in the presence of a danger 
that threatened both, gained a freedom which sheltered 
both. Early in the fourteenth century the union of races 
was complete, the national character was formed, language 
became fixed, and there appeared the first dawn of that noble 
literature which is the most splendid and enduring of the 
many glories of England. Lender Henry II. the Church of 
Rome made its highest pretensions. The claims it made 
might be pardoned in a rude age. The king oppressed the 
people, and it was a good thing to confront him with the 
terrors of the Church. The Archbishop of Canterbury 



ENGLAND. 



was Thomas a Becket, beloved of the people. He met the 
king with haughty pride, but was murdered by four knights. 
The struggle went on until centuries passed away. 

Then came the Crusades, in which Richard the Lion- 
hearted won his fame. Though too much valuable life and 
wealth were sacrificed to gain Jerusalem, yet there were 
good effects from the Crusades. Travel was promoted, and 
intercourse between nations was established. For nearly two 
hundred years the kings of the house of Plantagenet sought 
to make permanent conquests in Europe. Their efforts were 
in vain. With sad hearts the nation withdrew to its island 
home. That which seemed to be a misfortune, time has 
proved to be a great blessing, for England's greatest triumphs 
have been in the arts of peace. 

It would be tedious to recount the wars between rival 
houses, known as the War of the Roses, the Conquest of 
Scotland, in spite of the bravery of Bruce and Wallace, and 
the rebellion of Tyler and Cade. Steadily the social life 
was advancing, and the glimpses of this life are of more 
interest than the record of sieges and battles. 

The Reformation. This period is comprised in the reign 
of the Tudors. Henry VII., the first of this house, by a 
fortunate marriage put an end to the War of the Roses. 
His son, Henry VIIL, ascended the throne in the year 1509, 
while yet a young man. Art has made his bloated face and 
form familiar to the world. He was a man of wonderful 
strength of will, and went straight fowardto his purpose. 
Wolsey was his chief adviser, but when this proud and 
wealthy priest stood in his way he was cast aside. Henry 
won from the Pope the title " Defender of the Faith," but 
when the Pope tried to thwart him in his marriage, Henry 
defied him. He broke with the Pope and established a Church 
independent of Rome. In this he was aided partly by the 
English people, for the writings of Wycliffe had taken deep 



ENGLAND. 



root in a genial soil. The monasteries were suppressed, and 
Cranmer was called to form the Established Church. Ed- 
ward VI., in his brief reign, encouraged the reform faith, 
but under Mary a temporary reaction set in. She executed 
Lady Jane Grey, who aspired to the throne. She married 
Philip, of Spain, and by bloody persecution of Protestants 
sought to restore Roman Catholicism. She failed, and died 
heart-broken. Elizabeth became queen, and her reign of 
forty-five years will ever live in history. She placed Prot- 
estantism on a firm basis, and called around her men whose 
fame has filled the world. Spain threatened the conquest of 
England, and the danger was great indeed. But the Spanish 
fleet, the " Invincible Armada," was destroyed, and England 
was safe. Elizabeth never married, though her suitors were 
many. Burghley was for many years her adviser in matters 
of State. Among the eminent men who surrounded her 
were Drake, who sailed round the world ; and Raleigh, the 
soldier, scholar, poet ; and Essex, the ornament of court and 
camp ; while among the great writers are numbered Spenser, 
Shakspeare, and Bacon. This was the the golden age of 
English literature. 

Conflict between King and Parliament, 1603-1688. 
This conflict deserves careful study, for its results affect not 
only England but America. It began with the first of the 
house of Stuarts — James I., (1603-1625,) and ended with 
the accession of William and Mary, (1688.) It had its root 
in the arbitrary temper of the kings of the Stuart line. 
Charles I., like his father, wanted money, but Parliament 
would grant money only on condition that he would grant 
the nation certain rights. He refused. He tried to arrest 
the leading members of Parliament, he performed one 
arbitrary act after another, until the nation arose in civil 
war, under the leadership of Cromwell, defeated the king's 
army, and struck off the king's head in front of his own 



ENGLAND. 



palace. Cromwell then became Lord Protector of England, 
and his rule was wise and vigorous. Milton defended his 
course, and in our day Carlyle has shown the world what 
kind of a man he was. But the desire for a king returned, 
and Charles II. was crowned amid wild rejoicing. The reign 
of the Puritan was ended, and the reign of the profligate 
began. It was an evil time. James II. followed. He was 
a Roman Catholic, and a tyrant, and the people called 
William of Orange, who, with his wife, ruled the people. 
Anne, the younger daughter of James II., followed, and 
her reign is memorable by the brilliant victories of Marl- 
borough and the writings of Pope and Addison. 

During this period the Gunpowder Plot was formed and 
detected. It was a plot to blow up the Parliament buildings 
with gunpowder, and destroy a Protestant king and his 
rulers. It failed, and led to persecution of the Romanists. 
The great Plague of London was followed by the great 
fire, and that by the rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral, 
which is the architect's best monument. Among the many 
eminent men of this period are Milton, the poet ; Locke, the 
philosopher ; George Fox, founder of the Quakers ; and Sir 
Isaac Newton, the astronomer. The conflict between the 
king and Parliament ended with a victory for the latter, 
which ended in greater freedom for the people. The ques- 
tion at issue was more than a mere financial question. 

The House of Hanover, 1714 to present . time. — The reign 
of the four Georges is eventful. The reign of George II. 
lasted thirty-three years, and during this period England ex- 
tended her dominion in America and in India. The cele- 
brated Lord Chatham was now in power, and he infused his 
energy into all with whom he had to do. As an orator he 
was powerful, as a statesman patriotic and daring. A con- 
test arose in America between the French and English set- 
tlers. The English desired to pass into Ohio, but were 



8 ENGLAND. 



restrained by a line of military posts. War arose, but ended 
with the splendid victory of Wolfe, which made America 
English in its language and civilization. All England re- 
joiced over the victory of Wolfe, and wept over his death ; 
and twenty-five years later Cowper declared that it was 

" Praise enough 
To fill the ambition of a private man 
That Chatham's language was his mother tongue, 
And Wolfe's great name compatriot with his own." 

A similar contest took place in India, and ended with a 
similar result. India has been the prize of ancient and 
modern commerce. In 1612 the "East India Company" 
had established itself in India. A conflict arose between it 
and a French trading company. The French tried to expel 
the English, but in vain. The genius and daring of Robert 
Clive and English troops triumphed. Few things are more 
wonderful than the military career of Clive, who laid broad 
and deep the foundations of the British Empire in India. 
He was followed by Warren Hastings and by other wise 
statesmen, and British rule seems now to be firmly estab- 
lished. The opening of the Suez Canal, and the railroad and 
telegraph lines give England ready communication with 
this great empire. 

The reign of George III. was the longest in English his- 
tory, and lasted sixty years. During his reign the war of 
the American Revolution took place, which gave independ- 
ence to the English colonies. The colonies took the ground 
that " taxation without representation " was u tyranny," but 
the king persisted and failed. 

Then came the great conflict of the allied powers of 
Europe against Napoleon. The policy of non-interfer- 
ence was not in favor at that time, and William Pitt was 
then in power. It was determined to crush the dangerous 
usurper in France. The conflict raged for years, and blood 
and treasure were poured forth like water. During the war 



ENGLAND. 



Nelson won a splendid victory by sea at Trafalgar, and 
Wellington, by the great and decisive battle of Waterloo in 
1815, finished the struggle and ended the career of Na- 
poleon. 

Under William IV. slavery was abolished in the West 
Indies, and the Reform Bill was passed. 

The long line of British sovereigns ends with Victoria, 
who was born in 1819, and ascended the throne in 1837. 
She was married in 1840 to her cousin, Prince Albert. 
Among her nine children is Victoria, the first-born, who 
married the Crown Prince of Germany, and Albert Edward, 
Prince of Wales, who married the Princess of Denmark, 
and who is heir apparent to the throne. 

English Traits. The Englishman shows that he is a 
descendant of the old Angle-man. In him there is the same 
love of work and of adventure, the same respect for law, 
and the same religious nature. Apart from education he is 
rough, though hearty. He is fond of the sea, and the great- 
est of his heroes is not Wellington, the soldier, but Nelson, 
the fighting sailor. When he travels he is apt to carry his 
local customs and prejudices with him. His sports are those 
which call for strength and endurance. Horse racing is the 
national game, and feasting is the hand-maiden of charity. 
His power to organize is very great, and societies to pro- 
mote business or science or reforms are abundant. He is 
charitable when conscience is touched. Types of the John 
Bull of caricature are found in Henry VIIL, in Charles James 
Fox, and in Samuel Johnson. The one thing which has 
made the Englishman something more than a working, govern- 
ing, feasting, fighting being, is the influence of religion 
upon his strong conscience. In battle, "duty" is his war- 
cry. " England expects every man to do his duty," cried 
Nelson, and the sentiment was applauded by the nation as a 
true honest English sentiment. 



10 ENGLAND. 



UDtil recent years the Englishman has not ranked high as 
an artist, though he has been a most generous patron of art. 
The choicest pictures are by Italians. Kneller and West 
were foreigners, and Handel, author of the "Messiah," the 
national oratorio, was a German. Within thirty years great 
attention has been paid to art culture, owing partly to the first 
International Exhibition, and the founding of the South 
Kensington Museum. 

The inventive genius of the nation has enriched it. It 
has pushed its commerce into every sea, and planted its 
colonies around the world. The glory of Great Britain is 
" Greater Britain," that is, the colonies in North America, 
Australia, and South Africa, some of which have become 
mighty States or nations ; and one of the proudest titles of 
Queen Victoria is " Empress of India." 



Language. The languages of Europe came from India. 
The Teutonic tribes which conquered England gave it their 
language — the Anglo-Saxon — which comprises about half 
the words in the modern dictionary, and much more than 
half the words we commonly speak. Articles, pronouns, 
and adverbs, are, for the most part, Anglo-Saxon ; and such 
words as man, tree, mother, home, happiness, and heaven. 
The people speak Anglo-Saxon, and books printed for them, 
or sermons preached to them, should abound in these words. 
The English language has, however, been a great borrower 
from others. A large part of these borrowed words come 
from the Latin language through French sources. Words 
connected with Church or religion are mainly Latin — as 
preacher, bishop, clerk. A few are from the Greek — as church 
and alms ; which language is also used to express modern 
inventions, as telegraph and stereoscope. Law terms are 
generally Latin. The ancient Celtic gives us "bard" 
and " Druid," and some words of recent introduction, as 
"brogue" and "whisky." There are words in the Ian- 



ENGLAND. 11 



guage taken from the Hebrew, Turkish, Arabic, and many 
other sources. Modern English is less musical than the lan- 
guages of the South, but in force and richness is inferior to 
that of Greece alone. It is spoken by many millions, and is 
spreading among the nations of the earth. The greater 
part of those who travel for gain or pleasure speak this 
language. 

Literature. English literature began with ballads, whose 
verses were rude and vigorous. Chaucer (born 1340) is the 
father of English poetry, and his Canterbury Tales are the 
best evidence of his genius, and are of value to the historian, 
as they reflect the customs of that age. Spenser (born 1552) 
wrote the " Faerie Queen," a poem in twelve books, full of 
the adventures of fairies, dwarfs, and giants, but written 
with exquisite grace and sweetness. It is a poem for poets 
to study, and by them it will be loved while our language 
lasts. 

Dramatic poetry culminated with Shakspeare, whose 
dramas are for all time. Tainted as some of them are with 
the coarseness of the age, they show the workings of human 
souls under every variety of passion. He was followed by 
John Milton, (born 1608,) whose "Paradise Lost" is the 
greatest epic poem in the language. Milton was a great 
scholar, and his prose writings in defense of liberty are sec- 
ond only to his poems. 

These four poets are in the first class, and since their day 
no one, from Dryden to Tennyson, has appeared who has 
equaled them. Of the later poets Pope was most popular 
in his life-time, and Byron also. Wordsworth ranks high 
with the literary few, and others have written occasional 
poems which will live, as the "Ancient Mariner," by Cole- 
ridge ; and the " Elegy in a Country Church-yard," by 
Gray. 

The essay has been a favorite form of composition. Ba- 



12 ENGLAND. 



con's essays are the briefest, and, perhaps, the best ; Addi- 
son's the most graceful ; and the essays of Macaulay and 
Carlyle the most widely read in the present age. In his- 
torical composition the literature is rich beyond comparison. 
" The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," by Gibbon, 
is a work of great learning, and the history of the English 
Revolution of 1688 is told by Macaulay in a style which 
has fascinated a multitude of readers. 

Novels abound. The works of Fielding, Smollett, and 
Sterne, are now neglected, for their coarseness has sealed 
their fate. Dickens and Thackeray are widely read, but 
whether their popularity will be permanent remains to be 
seen. Scott's novels are losing their hold, though " Ivanhoe " 
will compare favorably with any thing in the whole range 
of fiction. The greatest biography in the English language, 
or in any other, is the " Life of Samuel Johnson," and the 
greatest allegory is " Pilgrim's Progress." 

Arts and Inventions. — The English race is not a race of 
artists, but there are some who have risen to high rank. 
The architects went to Italy for their models. The greatest 
of English architects is Sir Christopher Wren, and the great 
fire of London gave him the opportunity to display his 
genius. His masterpiece is St. Paul's Cathedral, which is 
the third in size of the churches of Christendom. It was 
thirty-five years in building, and Wren was its only archi- 
tect. For many years the most noted painters in England 
were of foreign birth. At last AVillinm Hogarth arose, and 
his pictures of social life are really novels on canvas. He 
paints England as it was in his day. Engravings of his 
pictures were issued by him, and had a wide circulation. 
After him came Reynolds, whose lectures on painting did 
much to help that noble art. Turner is among the greatest 
of English artists, and he bequeathed many of his paintings 
to the British nation. Landseer is the painter of animals. 



ENGLAND. 13 



But no painter is so popular with all classes as David Wil- 
kie, whose " Blind Fiddler " and " Blind Man's Buff " touch 
all hearts. 

Flaxman ranks first among the sculptors, and his style is 
formed from the closest study of Greek art. Chantrey and 
Bacon are well known by their sepulchral monuments in 
Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's. 

The wealth of England has enabled her to amass vast art 
treasures. The National Gallery has choice works by Flem- 
ish, Italian, and Spanish artists; the British Museum con- 
tains the sculptures from the exterior of the Parthenon at 
Athens, and these are now the finest specimens of Greek art 
in the world. The cartoons of Raphael are in the South 
Kensington Museum. These collections have done much to 
promote a love for art. 

In music there has been a steady progress, and in no part 
of the world can finer choral singing be heard than in some 
of the large towns of England. 

The great inventions which have enriched England date 
from a recent period. In 1762 the first canal was opened. 
Five years later the spinning- jenny was invented, and in 
1787 the power-loom. These and similar inventions have 
multiplied the efficiency of each workman two or three hun- 
dred fold. But the greatest of all was that of the steam- 
engine, by James Watt, and when the engine was made by 
Stephenson to draw cars along an iron rail, its triumph was 
complete. It is hard to estimate the increased wealth of En- 
gland which has come through the steam-engine. The extent 
and value of her manufactured goods prompt her to seek 
markets for them in distant lands, and her commerce has 
grown with her manufactures. 

Religion. — The religion of England is the Christian re- 
ligion. It was introduced by priests from Rome, and in the 
time of Alfred the Great w r as very prosperous. The clergy 
grew in power and wealth, and a period of corruption set in. 



14 ENGLAND. 

Wycliffe, Tyndale and other reformers appeared, and in the 
time of Henry VIII. the doctrines of the Protestant re- 
formers triumphed. The Church of England was estab- 
lished, to which a majority of the population now adhere. 
Its doctrines are found in the prayer book ; but are more 
fully set forth in the Thirty-Nine Articles and the Homilies. 
It is rich in church buildings, and has under its control the 
great universities and the great public schools of England. 
It can boast of a host of eminent writers on theology, as 
Barrow, South, and Taylor. In 1869 this Church was dises- 
tablished in Ireland. 

The largest body of " Dissenters " in England is the Wes- 
leyan body, divided now into several branches. This body 
grew out of a great revival of religion in the last century, 
mainly under John and Charles Wesley, and George Whit- 
field, the most eloquent evangelist of modern times. 

In 1781 Robert Raikes, of Gloucester, gathered a number 
of children and had them taught on Sunday. He published 
his experiment, and from this arose the system of Sunday 
schools, which is so great an agent in the spread of Chris- 
tian truth. 

Modern Christian missions had their origin at the close of 
the last century. In 1793 William Carey sailed for India, and 
began his great work in that mighty empire. The work was 
begun amid bitter opposition. Since then societies have 
been formed, vast sums of money raised, and men like Mor- 
rison, Bishop Heber, Henry Martyn, and Robert Living- 
stone, have given their lives to elevate the people of heathen 
lands. 

But the influence of the Christian religion is seen in En- 
gland as well as abroad. John Howard visited the prisons, 
and caused a reform in the prison system, and William Wil- 
berforce led the Parliament to emancipate the slaves in the 
West Indies. At present a great effort is made to repress 
intemperance, which is indeed a giant evil. 



ENGLAND. 15 



England as it is. England shows no signs of decay. 
Alarmists have asserted that her decline was at hand, but 
their fears rest on no solid basis. The national debt is 
easily borne, the coal fields are practically inexhaustible, 
and the panic of foreign invasion which has more than once 
seized the nation proves to be groundless. The wealth of 
the country has grown with amazing rapidity since 1760. 
Within a hundred and twenty years all the canals have been 
built, and the railroads. Great manufacturing towns have 
sprung up, inventions in machinery multiplied, new sources 
of vast wealth opened, and commerce vastly extended and 
increased. England is better fed and better governed than 
ever before. Nor has there been material prosperity alone. 
Great charities have sprung up, wise laws been enacted, 
wrongs redressed, a spirit of humanity has been shown to 
the neglected and the suffering classes, and a host of workers 
have toiled or are toiling to make the people wise and good 
and happy. A great change has come over England since 
the days of George III., and Americans will prize their 
country none the less if they learn to know and love the 
Mother-land. 



NOTES. 

597. Augustine landed in England, and preached the 
Christian religion. 

705. Venerable Bede translated the Bible, and finished 
the work on the day of his death. 

1323. Wickliffe, the " Morning Star of the Reformation," 
was born, and translated the Bible. 

1509-1547. Reign of Henry VIII., when the Reformation 
took place, and Cranmer laid the foundations of the Estab- 
lished Church. 

1555. Latimer and Ridley burned at Oxford. A monu- 
ment now stands to their memory. 



16 ENGLAND. 



1611. The authorized version of the Bible (now in use) 
completed. 

1637. Chillingworth declared that "The Bible, the Bible 
only, is the religion of the Protestants." 

-Knight's History of England is among the best for popu- 
lar reading. Histories of special periods are by Froude and 
Macaulay. Mackenzie's " History of the Nineteenth Cent- 
ury " has some valuable chapters on the recent progress in 
England. 

[THOUGHT-OUTLINE to help the memoet.] 

1. Eoute from Liverpool to* London ? 

2. London — Importance? Size? Population? Principal buildings? 

3. The seven periods ? Length of each ? 

4. English traits ? Virtues? Faults? In art? Colonies? 

5. Father of English poetry ? Name several great English writers. 

6. Greatest English architect ? Masterpiece ? Great painters ? Great sculptors ? 

Principal art galleries ? Great inventions ? 

7. Religion of England ? Eeformation ? Largest bodies of dissenters ? Robert 

Raikes ? Modern Christian missions ? John Howard ? William Wilber- 
force ? 

8. Present condition of England? 

9. Important events marking following dates : A. D. 597, 705, 1323, 1509-1547, 

1555,1611,1637? 











px3:A.rr r j?.A.TTQTT.A. •x'iij^sLrr'-iBoois:©. 



Mo. '. Biblical Exploration. A Con- 
densed Manual on How to Study the 
Bible. By J. H. Vincent, D.D. Pull 
and rich 10 

No. 2. Studies of the Stars. A Pocket 
Guide to the Science of Astronomy. 
By H. W. Warren, D.D 10 

No. 3. Bible Studies for Little People. 
By Iter. B. T. Vincent .. 10 

No. 4. English History. By J. II. Vin- 
cent, D.D. 10 

No. 5. Greok History. By J. H. Viu- 
cent, D.D 10 

No. 0. Greek Literature. By A. D. 
Vail, D.D 20 

No. 7. Memorial Days of the Chautau- 
qua Literary and Scientific Circle lo 

No. 8. What Noted Men Think of the 
Bible. P>y L. T. Townsend, D.D..... 10 

No. 9. William Cullcn Bryant 10 

No. 10. What is Education? By Wm. 
F. Phelps, A.M.. 10 

No. 11. Socrates. By Prol". W. F. Phelps 
A.M 10 

No. 12. Pestalozzi. By Prof. W. F. 
Phelps A.M.., 10 

No. 13. Anglo-Saxon. By Prof. Albert 
R. Oook 20 

No. 14. Horace Mann. By Prof. Wm. 
F. Phelps A.M. 10 

No. IV Frcebel. By Prof. Wm. F. 
Phelps A.M 10 

No. 16. Roman History. By J. H. Vin- 
cent, D.D 10 

N'>. 17. Roger Asch.irn and John Sturm. 
Glimpses of Education in the Six- 
teenth Century. Ry Prof. Wm. F. 
Phelps. A.M 10 

No. IS. Christian Evidences. By J. H. 
Vincent, D.D 10 



No. 19. The Book of Books. By J. M. 

Freeman, D.D 10 

No. 20. The Chautauqua Hand-Book. 

By J. H. Vincent. D.D 10 

No. 21. American History. By J. L. 

Hurl but, A.M 10 

No. 22. Biblical Biology. By Tie v. J. 

H. Wythe, A.M., M.D 10 

No. 23. English Literature. By Pi of. 

J. H. Gilmore . 20 

No. 24. Canadian History. By Jame3 

L. Hughes 10 

No. 25. Self-Education. By Joseph Al- 

den, D.D., LL.S 10 

No. 26. The Tabernacle. By Rev. John 

C.Hill 10 

No. 27. Readings from Ancient Classics. 10 
No. 28. Manners and Customs of Bible 

Times. By J. M. Freeman. D.D 10 

No. 29. Man's Antiquity and Language. 

By M. S. Terry, D.D. 10 

No. 30. The World of Missions. By 

Henry K. Carroll 10 

No. 31. What Noted Men Think of 

Christ. By L. T. Townsend, D.D 10 

No. 33. A Brief Outline of the History 

of Art. By Miss Julia B. De Forest . 10 
No. 33. EHhu Burritt: "The Learned 

Blacksmith." By Charles No'rtbend. 10 
No. 34. Asiatic History: China, Corca, 

Japan. By Rev. Wm. Elliot Griffis.. IS 
No. 35. Outlines ol General History. 

By J. II. Vincent, D.D 10 

No. 33. Assembly iiible Outlines. By 

J. H. Vincent, D.D 10 

No. 37. Assembly Normal Outlines. By 

J. H. Vincent.. D.D 10 

No. 38. The Life of Christ. By 4lev. 

J. L. Hurlbut, M.A 10 

No. 39. The Sanda) -School Norn 

Class. By J. II. Vincent, D.D 1Q 



Published by PHILLIPS & HUHT, 805 Broadway, Hew York. 



HOME COLLEGE SERIES. 

Price, each, 5 cents. Per 100, for cash, $3 50. 

The u TTome College Serius" contain short, papers on a wide ran;re of eubjeets— b ; oerni>hic->d 
historical, scientific literary, domestic. and religions. Indeed, the ,,'• 

til of them. They are written for every body-for all whoa ut who 

desire to use the minutes for the enrichment of life. 



1. Thomas Carlyle. By Daniel Wise. D.D. 

2. William Wordsworth. Byl> 

Wise. D D 
3- Egypt. By J. I. Bosv 

4. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Bv 

Daniel Wise, D.D. 

5. Rome. By .1. !. 

6. England. Bv J I. Boswell. 

7. The Sun. By C. M. Westlake, M.S. 

8. Washington" Irving. By D. Wise. D D. 

9. Political Economy. ByG. .D.D. 

10. Art in Egypt. By Edward A. Band. 

11. Greece. By J. I. Boswell. 

12. Christ as a Teacher. By Bishop E. 

Thomson. 

13. George Herbert. By Daniel Wise, D.D. 

14. Daniel the Uncompromising Young 

Man. Bv C. II. Pavne. D.D. 

15. The Moon. By C. M. Westlake. M S. 
10. The Rain. By Miss Carrie K. Dennen. 

17. Joseph Addison. By Daniel Wise. D.D. 

18. Edmund Spenser. By Daniel Wis"e, D.D. 

19. China and Japan. B 

20. The Planets. By ( 

21. William Hickling Prescott. By Daniel 

D.D. 

22. Wise Sayings of the Common Folk, 

23. William Shakespeare. By D.Wise, D.D. 

24. Geometrv. 

25. The Star's. Bv C. M. Westlake. M.S. 

26. John Milton. By Daniel Wise, D.D. 

27. Penmanship. 

28; Housekeeper's Guide, 

2g. Themistocles and Pericles. (From Plu- 

30. Alexander. (From Plutarch.) 

31. Coriolanus and Maximus. (From Plu- 

tarch.) 

32. Demosthenes and Alcibiades. (From 

Plutarch.) 

33. The Gracclii. (From Plutarch.) 

34. Caesar and Cicero. (From Plutarch.) 

35. Palestine. By J. I. Boswell. 

36. Readings from William Wordsworth. 

37. The Watch and the Clock. By Alfred 

Tavlor. 

38. A Set of Tools. By Alfred Taylor. 

39. Diamonds and other Precious Stones. 

By Alfred Taylor. 

40. Memory Practice. 

41. Gold and Silver. Bv Alfred Taylor. 

42. Meteors. Bv C. M. V 

43. Aerolites. 

c 



53. Plant Life. Bv M . Phcebns 

54. Words. By Mrs V. C. Pb 

55. Readings from' Oliver Goldsmith. 

56. Art in Greece. Pju-t 

57. Art in Italy. Part I. 

58. Art in Germany. B 

59. Art in France. J 

60. Art in England. By 

61. Art in America. By Edward A. Kac 

62. Readings from Tennyson. 

63. Readings from Milton. P 

64. Thomas Chalmers. I D.D. 

65. Rufus Choate. By Dr. 

66. The Temperance Movement mm/i The 

Liquor System. By Rev. D. C. Bal 

67. Germany. By J. I. Boswell. 

68. Reading's from Milton. Part II. 

69. Reading and Readers. Bv H. C. Far- 

l-ar. A J3. 

70. The Cary Sisters. By ! 

Bingham. 

71. A Few Facts about Chemistry. By 

Mrs. V. C. 

72. A Few Facts about Geology. 

V. C. Piwebus. 

73. A Few Facts about Zoolcgy. By Mi s. 

\ . 0. PIk 
74- Hugh Miller. Bv Mrs. Y. C 
75; Daniel Webster." Bv Dr. C. A< » 

76. The World of Science. Bv G. W. t 

U.D. 

77. Comets. Bv C. M. Westlake. M 

78. Art in Greece. Part II. Bv Edward A. 

79. Art in Italy. Part II. Bv Edward A. 

md. 

80. Art in the Land of the Saracens. By 

ward A. Band. 

81. Art in Northern Europe. Part I. Bv 

Edward A. Band. 

82. Art in Northern Europe. Part II. By 

ni A. Band. 

83. Art in Western Asia. Bv Edward A. I; 

84. Our Earth. Bv Mr-. 

85. lohn Wiclif. By Dai D.D. 

86. Martin Luther. By >D. 

87. Charles Lamb. 

88. Injurious Garden Insects. ii. D. 

Half- 

89. The Regicides. By Dr. 0. Adams, 
go. Amos Lawrence. By lams. 
91. John Knox. By Daniel Wi*c, D.D. 
93. Margaret Fuller, j 

93- T 



51, Art ; 

52. Readings from Cowper. 



gi. The Coral Bui! 

gg. It; ; 

too. Macau i ay. By J. 1 ft 



Published by PHILLIPS & HU.YT.ffew York; WALDEN & STOWE, Ciacianati, 0. 



